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  农业环境科学学报  2015, Vol. 34 Issue (5): 1017-1020

文章信息

左海英, 张琳, 刘菲
ZUO Hai-ying, ZHANG Lin, LIU Fei
大体积吹扫进样-气相色谱-同位素质谱仪测定水中苯乙烯氢同位素
Analysis of Compound-Specific Hydrogen Isotope Compositions of Styrene in Aqueous Phases by Large Volume Injection-Gas Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
农业环境科学学报, 2015, 34(5): 1017-1020
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2015, 34(5): 1017-1020
http://dx.doi.org/10.11654/jaes.2015.05.027

文章历史

收稿日期:2015-01-22
大体积吹扫进样-气相色谱-同位素质谱仪测定水中苯乙烯氢同位素
左海英1,2, 张琳2, 刘菲1     
1. 中国地质大学(北京)水资源与环境学院, 北京 100083;
2. 中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所, 河北 正定 050803
摘要:采用有机分析中不常用的25 mL进样系统,以增大进样量,降低检出限,建立了一种以吹扫捕集进行前处理,气相色谱-燃烧-稳定同位素质谱仪测定水中苯乙烯单体氢同位素的方法,同时考察了目标物单体氢同位素分馏的影响因素。结果表明,在充分吹扫捕集的情况下,目标物全部进入捕集阱进行吸附解析,不会引起目标物的单体氢同位素的分馏。在分流进样方式下,目标物以一定的分流比进入气相色谱仪,目标物的峰型尖锐,信号降低,目标物的单体氢同位素发生分馏,单体氢同位素值大幅降低;在不分流进样方式下,目标物的峰型较差,信号较强,目标物的单体氢同位素不会发生分馏。其在高中低各浓度(10.0、30.0、50.0、60.0、80.0、100.0 μg·L-1)的平行性较好,检测下限为10.0 μg·L-1,可以为单体氢同位素的分析方法开发提供一定的基础,并可以用于无氯代物的污染较重的场地。
关键词吹扫捕集-同位素质谱     苯乙烯     单体氢同位素    
Analysis of Compound-Specific Hydrogen Isotope Compositions of Styrene in Aqueous Phases by Large Volume Injection-Gas Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
ZUO Hai-ying1,2, ZHANG Lin2, LIU Fei1     
1. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China;
2. Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Zhengding 050803, China
Abstract:Compound-specific isotope analysis(CSIA) with on-line gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry(GC/IRMS) offers a versatile tool for characterizing the origins and fates of organic contaminants in the environment. However, one major drawback of CSIA in field studies is that GC/IRMS system is currently low in sensitivity. In this study, a method based on purge & trap and gas chromatography combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was developed to determine hydrogen isotope of styrene in water.Use of large sample volume(25 mL, which was not frequently used in organic analysis) lowered the detection limit. Under full purge-trap, all the targets were transferred into the trap and no isotope fractionation was observed. In the split injection mode, the targets were entered into gas chromatography at fixed ratio, and sharp peaks were obtained with decreased signals. The ratio of hydrogen isotope was significantly reduced due to fractionation of hydrogen isotope. In the splitless injection mode, the peaks of targets were wide with an acceptable tailing, but the signal was strong. No hydrogen isotope fractionation was observed, and the ratio of hydrogen isotope was comparable to that of direct injection. This method has a good parallelism at low, medium, and high concentrations(10.0 μg·L-1, 30.0 μg·L-1, 50.0 μg·L-1, 60.0 μg·L-1, 80.0 μg·L-1, 100.0 μg·L-1)with detection limit of 10.0 μg·L-1. Therefore, this method can be applied to analysis of hydrogen isotope in non-chloride pollution.
Key words: purge & trap     styrene     compound-specific hydrogen isotopic compositions    

单体同位素技术问世以来,引起了广泛关注。早在20世纪90年代,就有人利用其对沉积岩和石油中有机烃的来源进行了示踪分析[1, 2, 3]。最近的研究热点集中在监控有机污染物的迁移转化上,单体同位素分析技术不仅能够定量地表征有机污染物的转化过程,而且能够体现转化过程的机理[4, 5, 6, 7]

某一元素的同位素分馏与其质量有关,质量小的同位素分馏大,质量大的同位素分馏小。因此,质量数为2的氢元素的同位素分馏远大于其他元素[8],比其他元素更能体现出有机物的迁移转化规律,而且氢元素与碳等元素相结合,可以更好地描绘有机物的环境行为[9, 10, 11]。国外已能进行单体氢同位素的常规分析,并在实际污染场地中应用较多[12, 13, 14, 15],但是,由于分析手段的限制,我国目前有机污染物降解过程研究中常用的是碳元素[16, 17, 18],单体氢同位素主要用于植物体或石油中的正构烷烃,以研究古环境或者揭示油田的成因等[19, 20],所以有必要开展有机污染物的单体氢同位素分析方法开发,为有机污染物的环境行为提供有效的技术支持。 1 实验部分 1.1 仪器与主要试剂

仪器:吹扫捕集仪(型号4660,美国OI公司,配置4552型自动进样器),气相色谱-燃烧-同位素质谱联用仪(气相色谱Trace GC Ultra,同位数质谱仪MAT 253,配置挥发性有机物专用色谱柱Rtx-624色谱柱,30 m×0.25 mm×1.40 μm)。

主要试剂:苯乙烯标准品(1000 mg·L-1,国家标准物质测试中心),甲醇(农残级,TEDIA公司)。 1.2 仪器条件 1.2.1 吹扫捕集仪参数

吹扫管25 mL,吹扫气氮气,吹扫时间11 min,吹扫温度40 ℃,脱附温度210 ℃,脱附时间2 min,烘焙温度220 ℃,烘焙时间5 min,传输线温度110 ℃。 1.2.2 气相色谱仪参数

色谱柱升温程序:初始温度35 ℃,保持4 min,以5 ℃·min-1升至100 ℃,保持0 min,再以20 ℃·min-1升至200 ℃,保持 2 min。

进样口温度250 ℃,载气氦气,流速1.5 mL·min-1。参考气体氢气,氢转化管的温度1450 ℃。 1.2.3 质谱仪参数

高压值9.43 mV,Trap值0.70 mA,灯电流1.5 mA。 1.3 样品处理

本实验采用标准物质配制的样品。首先用甲醇将购置的苯乙烯标准品稀释成100 mg·L-1,再配制成需要的苯乙烯水溶液,放入40 mL VOC样品瓶中,然后按照1.2所示仪器条件进行仪器设定,完成后进行样品测定。 2 结果与讨论 2.1 氢同位素分馏的影响因素

2.1.1 吹扫捕集的影响

本项目采用已经较为成熟的EPA 524方法进行吹扫捕集的条件设置,吹扫时间为11 min。由于吹扫时间足够长,目标物在捕集阱上的吸附很充分,2 min的脱附时间也能使苯乙烯从捕集阱上完全脱附出来,进入GCC-IRMS检测。因此吹扫捕集对H同位素分馏不产生影响。以1000 mg·L-1标准液直接进样和100 μg·L-1水中标准溶液吹扫捕集进行对比(两种进样方式各做3次平行),可以看出吹扫捕集不对H同位素的分馏产生影响,吹扫捕集可以用于挥发性有机物单体H同位素的前处理。具体实验结果见表 1

表 1 吹扫捕集对H 同位素分馏的影响(δ2H/1H,‰) Table 1 Effect of purge-trap on Hisotope fractionation
2.1.2 气相色谱进样方式的影响

常用的气相色谱仪的进行方式分为分流进样和不分流进样两种。分流进样是将液体样品注入进样口后迅速升温,使样品瞬间蒸发,在大流速载气吹扫下,样品与载气迅速混合,混合气通过分流口时,大部分混合气体被排出,只有少量的混合气体进入色谱进行分析。分流可以达到两个目的:一是减少进入毛细管色谱柱的进样量,以免使其过载;二是可以使样品出峰尖锐,有利于定量分析。

由此可知,对H这种原子量很小的元素来说,分流进样会使更多较轻的1H进入色谱柱检测,从而不可避免地产生分馏;对H进样量要求较大的同位素质谱,分流进样会大幅提高目标物的检出限。

连接吹扫捕集仪的气相色谱仪推荐采用分流进样方式。由于苯乙烯中H的百分含量很低,采用最低分流比7∶1。实验结果表明:在不分流进样方式下苯乙烯中δ2H/1H值为-74.055‰,在分流进样方式下苯乙烯中δ2H/1H值为-124.404‰;气相色谱直接进样测定的标准溶液中δ2H/1H值为-74.136‰。由图 1图 3可以看出:不分流进样时样品峰较大,但是峰型不好,前后都有延展;分流进样时样品峰明显变小,出峰尖锐。由此可知,在分流进样方式下,虽然峰型较好,但是样品峰的信号强度明显降低,尤其是H同位素发生分馏,严重影响了测定结果,因此需采用不分流进样方式。

图 1 不分流进样色谱图 Figure 1 Chromatogram for splitless injection

图 2 分流进样色谱图 Figure 2 Chromatogram for split injection

图 3 分流进样色谱峰 Figure 3 Peaks for split injection
2.2 方法评价

在40 mL样品瓶中加入目标物,使其浓度分别为10.0、30.0、50.0、60.0、80.0、100.0 μg·L-1表 2),按照1.2进行仪器参数设置,上机测定。每个浓度考察7个平行样品,用于评价该方法对不同浓度样品测定的重复性。

表 2 方法评价 Table 2 Method evaluation

根据最低检出浓度的要求(准确性和平行性),水中苯乙烯单体氢同位素的检出限定为10.0 μg·L-1,与《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB/T 5749—2006)中苯乙烯0.50 μg·L-1的限值还有一定的距离,需要进一步降低。 2.3 实际样品测定

氢同位素不仅可以标识有机污染物的环境迁移转化过程,而且可以用于判别有机污染物的来源,即溯源。不同厂家的原料和生产工艺不同,其产品的单体同位素值也会有一定的差异。对一种国产苯乙烯标准液和一种国外产苯乙烯标准液进行氢同位素测定,国产标准的氢同位素值为-74.136‰,国外标准的氢同位素值为-65.184‰,存在比较明显的差别。

由于没有找到不含氯代物的污染场地,暂时无法进行野外实际样品的检测。 3 结论

本文建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱/同位素质谱法测定水中苯乙烯单体氢同位素的方法,并对同位素分馏的影响因素进行了考查。本方法虽然采用25 mL的定量环,是普通5 mL定量环进样量的5倍,而且采用专用的挥发性色谱柱Rtx-624,但是方法的检出限依然较高,需要进一步提高前处理的浓缩倍数,从而降低检出限以满足野外实际样品检测的需要。

鉴于本方法采用不分流进样器检出限还有降低的空间,可在吹扫完成后进行冷阱浓缩,进一步降低检出限。

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