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  农业环境科学学报  2021, Vol. 40 Issue (1): 1-15  DOI: 10.11654/jaes.2021-0073
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引用本文  

吴同亮, 王玉军, 陈怀满. 2016—2020年环境土壤学研究进展与热点分析[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2021, 40(1): 1-15.
WU Tong-liang, WANG Yu-jun, CHEN Huai-man. Research progress and hotspots of environmental soil science between 2016-2020 based on bibliometrics analysis[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2021, 40(1): 1-15.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(41771276);江苏省自然科学基金项目(BE2018760)

Project supported

The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771276);The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu, China(BE2018760)

通信作者

王玉军, E-mail:yjwang@issas.ac.cn

作者简介

吴同亮(1992-), 男, 博士, 主要从事重金属的环境土壤化学过程与污染修复研究。E-mail:tlwu@issas.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-01-10
录用日期: 2021-01-15
2016—2020年环境土壤学研究进展与热点分析
吴同亮1 , 王玉军1,2 , 陈怀满1     
1. 中国科学院南京土壤研究所, 中国科学院土壤环境与污染修复重点实验室, 南京 210008;
2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
摘要:为了形象客观地了解国内外2016—2020年环境土壤学相关研究的发展特点,本文收集了发表在Web of Science和中国知网上土壤环境领域的相关文章,利用Web of Science自带分析工具和文献计量学软件CiteSpace,分析了该领域的研究现状、发展方向和热点。结果显示,2016—2020年间土壤环境领域研究成果丰硕,发展平稳,中美两国发文占比超过国际领域发文的50%。国际环境科学类刊物Science of the Total EnvironmentEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchChemosphere发文量最高,土壤科学类期刊GeodermaCatenaPlant and SoilSoil Biology Biochemistry也在发文前十行列。从国际上看,土壤环境领域共有微生物群落、有机碳、生物炭改良、N2O排放、重金属、土壤侵蚀、机器学习、保护性农业8个重要研究方向及相关热点;国内研究紧跟国际发展,侧重于土壤有机质、养分和微生物等研究热点,也围绕土壤水分、生物炭、土壤侵蚀和作物产量等热点开展了大量研究。
关键词土壤    环境    环境土壤学    研究进展    文献计量    
Research progress and hotspots of environmental soil science between 2016-2020 based on bibliometrics analysis
WU Tong-liang1 , WANG Yu-jun1,2 , CHEN Huai-man1     
1. Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Abstract: To comprehensively understand the development characteristics of environmental soil science between 2016 and 2020, the related articles published in Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were collected. The research status, development trend and hotspots were analyzed based on analysis tools from Web of Science and bibliometric software CiteSpace. The results indicated that the field of environmental soil science has fruitful achievements and has developed steadily during the study period. China and the United States accounted for more than 50% of international publications. Environmental science journals including, Science of the Total Environment, Environmental Science and Pollution Research and Chemosphere had the most of publications, and soil science journals including, Geoderma, Catena, Plant and Soil and Soil Biology Biochemistry were in the top ten ranks as well. There were 8 important research trends and related hotspots in the field of environmental soil science overseas:microbial community, organic carbon, biochar amendment, N2O emissions, heavy metals, soil erosion, machine learning, and conservation agriculture. The domestic research closely followed international development and focuses on the hotspots including, soil organic matter, nutrients and microorganisms. Lots of efforts had also been paid on soil moisture, biochar, soil erosion and crop yield.
Keywords: soils    environment    environmental soil science    research progress    bibliometrics    

“土壤是历史自然体,是位于地球陆地表面和浅水域底部具有生命力、生产力的疏松而不均匀的聚积层,是地球系统的组成部分和调控环境质量的中心要素”,这是《环境土壤学》一书对土壤的清晰定义[1]。土壤环境保护的研究是现代土壤学的重要标志,环境土壤学是土壤学和环境科学的交叉学科,主要研究自然因素和人为条件下土壤环境质量变化、影响及其调控。它涉及土壤质量与生物品质,即土壤质量与生物多样性及食物链的营养价值与安全问题;涉及土壤与水和大气质量的关系,即土壤作为源与汇对水质和大气质量的影响;涉及人类居住环境问题,即土壤元素丰缺与人类健康的关系;涉及土壤与其他环境要素的交互作用,即土壤圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈和大气圈的相互影响;涉及土壤质量的保护和改善等土壤环境工程。环境土壤学领域的相关研究在很大程度上促进了现代土壤学的蓬勃发展。

文献计量学以文献体系和文献计量特征为研究对象,被用于文献定量分析。借助知识图谱和文献计量学软件的可视化功能,研究者得以较为客观地评价目标领域在一定时期内的历史演进过程、研究方向及当前热点,预测未来的发展趋势[2],目前已被广泛应用于农林、生态和环境等领域[3-4]。基于此,本文力图借助Web of Science(WoS)核心合集数据库和中国知网(CNKI)在2016—2020年间发表的以土壤为主题的相关文献,利用WoS自带分析工具和文献计量学软件CiteSpace,从年度、国家/地区、重要期刊的发文量、文献共被引和关键词共现词分析等角度,阐述环境土壤学领域中相关研究的发展态势、研究方向和热点,以期为研究者掌握学科当前发展程度、科学地选择研究方向提供参考。

1 材料与方法

环境土壤学的研究主体是土壤,是土壤学的分支学科,因此“土壤”这一主题基本可以反映其目前的研究概况。本研究所用软件为陈超美博士开发的5.7R2 64位版本CiteSpace[5],利用软件提供的引文共被引分析和关键词共现词分析等功能,采集2016—2020年间以“土壤”为主题发表的国内外文献,从土壤学及环境科学两种学科角度,分析了环境土壤学的进展及热点问题。

引文的共被引分析是指两篇文献共同出现在除二者之外的文献(施引文献)引文目录中,而形成共被引关系。因此,特定领域论文后的引文可以形成共被引网络,对该网络的聚类分析可以展现研究领域的知识基础,反映其整体特征。关键词共现词分析可以统计关键词在所有发表文章中共同出现的情况,并由此反映研究热点[6]

1.1 国际该领域发表文章的数据获取及CiteSpace分析参数设置

此部分数据来源于WoS核心合集数据库,以“soil”为主题词,选定时间范围为2016—2020年,WoS类别“ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES”和“SOIL SCIENCE”,文献类别“ARTICLE”。软件分析参数如表 1所示。

表 1 不同种类分析的参数设置 Table 1 Parameter setting for different analyses
1.2 国内该领域发表文章的数据获取及CiteSpace分析参数设置

此部分数据来源于CNKI,以“土壤”为主题词,选定时间范围为2016—2020年,文献分类:环境科学和土壤学,期刊来源:北大核心、CSSCI和CSCD。软件分析参数如表 1所示。

2 结果分析与讨论 2.1 2016—2020年该领域文献发表情况

经检索本领域5年来共计发表论文87 612篇,其中70 510篇文献来自WoS,17 102篇来自CNKI(截至2020年12月),可看出本领域发文量较大,产出丰硕,年度发文趋势较为稳定(图 1)。利用WoS自带的统计功能,对本领域的国家/地区发文及相关期刊发文进行汇总,具体见表 2。中美德三国发文量位居前三,其中我国发文量最高,近乎超过第二名美国一倍,中美两国发文占比超过国际该领域发文的50%,可见两国是推动本领域发展的重要动力。

图 1 2016—2020年间WoS和CNKI发文量情况 Figure 1 The number of publications collected from WoS and CNKI in 2016—2020

表 2 2016—2020年国家/地区及国际出版物论文发表情况(来自WoS数据) Table 2 Publications from various countries and journals in 2016—2020(data from WoS)

从国际刊物发文上看,环境科学类期刊Science of the Total EnvironmentEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchChemosphere占据前三排行,共计发文11 644篇,发文占比为16.5%。此外,土壤科学类期刊GeodermaCatenaPlant and SoilSoil Biology Biochemistry跻身前十,共计发文7 203篇,占比10.2%。以土壤为主题词的研究中,环境科学类研究发文大于土壤科学,体现了土壤环境领域的研究热度,也可能与不同学科的研究特点、相关期刊的审稿速度和发文量等因素相关。

2.2 2016—2020年国际该领域重点研究方向

利用CiteSpace的引文共被引分析功能对2016— 2020年间WoS上发表论文的所有参考文献进行分析,结果如图 2a所示。图内年轮状圆圈所示的节点代表引文,年轮颜色代表其被引用的年份分布,大小代表引用次数的多少,最外圈紫色圆环体现该文献的中介中心性较高,是图谱中过渡和枢纽节点。通过聚类分析并根据聚类的大小,得到“微生物群落”(bacterial communities)、“有机碳”(organic carbon)、“生物炭改良”(biochar amendment)、“N2O排放”(N2O emission)、“重金属”(heavy metal)、“土壤侵蚀”(soil erosion)、“机器学习”(machine learning)、“保护性农业”(conservation agriculture)8个聚类(图 2b),反映了本领域2016—2020年间的几个重要发展方向。通过图 3所示的聚类分析时间线视图,可以直观了解本领域重要引文的发表年份。聚类0、1、2、4的引文在不同年份均有分布,可见其知识基础在不断更新和发展,有利于推动相关研究方向的深入进行;聚类6的引文发表时间较近,可见机器学习是本领域研究中较为新颖的手段。此外,聚类间节点的连线还体现了不同研究方向中知识基础的交叉,有利于拓宽研究思路及发展新的方向。以下就不同聚类的施引文献和被引文献,分别从研究现状和知识基础的角度展开分析。

图 2 2016—2020年WoS检索结果:引文共被引网络(a)及聚类结果(b) Figure 2 Reference co-citation network(a)and cluster analysis of papers(b)from WoS in 2016—2020

图 3 2016—2020年WoS检索结果的引文共被引网络聚类分析的时间轴视图 Figure 3 Timeline view of the cluster analysis of reference co-citation network between 2016 and 2020 (data from WoS)
2.2.1 聚类0:微生物群落

通过对此聚类的重要施引文献的调研发现,2016—2020年主要围绕以下内容开展研究:土壤中微生物群落受农艺措施及城市化、填海造陆等人类活动的影响及应对,微生物群落对于维持植物生产力以及土壤碳固定的重要意义。土壤中微生物群落丰度在生物炭、堆肥以及化肥施用等常见土壤改良措施下得到有效提升[7-8],同时致病菌群的结构也会因轮作和少耕等措施得以改变,因而实现可持续的生产[9]。在城市化和填海造陆等高强度人类活动影响下,微生物群落在短时间内即可恢复到与原始状态相似的水平,体现了土壤微生物群落的极强恢复能力[10]。土壤重金属镍污染,会诱导提升土壤抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的频率和丰度,增强了ARGs水平转移的潜力[11]。与此同时,微生物群落本身的功能和多样性意义同样受到关注,土壤微生物多样性对于维持植物的生产力尤为关键[12],在养分处理下其群落丰度直接影响土壤有机质的分解[13]

此聚类中的节点(即被引文献)反映了其中的知识基础,主要阐述了微生物群落对土壤有机碳的分解与全球气候变化的关联[14];微生物群落结构受到不同养分(氮)梯度以及土壤性质影响下的宏基因组学、系统发生学和生理学的研究[15];此外,在方法学方面, 得益于微生物数据分析pipeline工具uParse,嵌合体检测工具UCHIME的开发以及基于R语言的lmer混合线性回归模型的应用,微生物数据处理的速度及灵敏度得以提升[16-18]。这些参考文献为微生物群落相关研究提供了扎实的研究背景。

2.2.2 聚类1:有机碳

通过对此聚类施引文献的调研发现,2016—2020年间,研究者在全球气候变化的大背景下,于不同时间及不同空间尺度上评估和修正了土壤有机碳的损失,阐述了微生物对土壤有机碳固定和形成的重要作用。在方法学上,利用稳定同位素示踪及机器学习等方法分别从微观及区域尺度下对土壤有机碳开展相应研究。研究发现土壤有机碳的向下迁移行为可以抵消全球升温过程中微生物的加速分解,有利于准确评估全球变暖下土壤有机碳的损失[19]。在千年尺度下,苏北滨海土壤对有机质的固存速率超过0.4%,同时发现其初始速率较高,并随时间逐渐放缓[20]。从区域尺度上看,土地利用变化对颗粒有机质、有机矿物复合体和黑炭3种组分土壤有机碳的稳定性影响主要受制于基线效应,而气候和土壤理化性质等因素对各种类有机质的影响大小各异[21]。微生物活动对土壤有机碳的固定及分解具有重要意义。有研究采用“微生物碳泵”(MCP)和效率-基质稳定假说等探讨微生物固碳作用[22-23]。在方法学上,利用土壤酶或者15N同位素标记等手段追踪微生物碳源,量化土壤有机质的原位分解速率[24-25]。此外,机器学习也被应用于有机碳的相关研究,研究使用混合机器学习模型等,在区域尺度上评估了土壤有机碳储量,开展土壤碳组分数字制图[26-27]

此聚类的知识基础主要集中在阐述现阶段研究领域中有关土壤有机碳的新观点,如Schmidt等[28]和Lehmann等[29]Nature期刊上对土壤有机碳的组成结构和稳定性的系统阐述,以及对有机碳的分解、黑炭、植物根系影响、物理隔离、土壤深层碳、冻土层融化、土壤微生物等方面提供的新见解;同时,对由操作定义得出的土壤腐殖质的活性和实际代表性提出挑战,并提出土壤有机质是逐步分解有机化合物的连续体。在微生物与土壤有机质的相互作用方面,引用文献从微观上探讨了微生物与土壤有机物之间的启动效应[30],阐述了全球气候变暖对土壤有机碳的影响取决于微生物对土壤有机碳的利用效率[31],土壤有机物分解对温度升高的响应是生态系统对全球变化响应的关键[32]

2.2.3 聚类2:生物炭改良

生物炭是在低氧和缺氧条件下,将各种有机质经高温热解后得到的多孔性物质,是一种有效的土壤改良剂,具有重要农业应用价值和环境效益。通过对此阶段聚类的施引文献调研发现,研究主要围绕土壤中生物炭改良措施对土壤物理化学性质、营养元素利用以及作物生长发育的影响来开展。生物炭可用于维持土壤有机碳含量并抵消土壤退化[33],降低土壤的热导率和热扩散率[34],提升土壤饱和导水率[35]。在对土壤肥力影响方面,施用生物炭可有效改善退化酸性砂土的肥力,提升微生物活性[36],提升土壤固磷能力,促进磷素的活化释放[37]。此外,生物炭还可提升作物对土壤中水分的利用效率,刺激作物生长,对非灌溉条件下的作物种植具有重要农学意义[38]

有关生物炭改良聚类的知识基础主要集中于从分子层面阐述生物炭组成的动态变化[39],以及生物炭影响土壤微生物、动植物和植物根系的机制[40],着重探讨生物炭本身的矿化机制[41]和生物炭施用对土壤有机质矿化的影响[42]。将其视为一种具有前景的高效固碳手段以缓解全球气候变化,同时还可提供能量并增加农作物的产量[43]

2.2.4 聚类3:N2O排放

N2O作为一种重要温室气体,比二氧化碳有更高的增温潜势,其在大气中的浓度以每年0.25%的速率增长,因而获得极大关注。然而,为了应对不断增长的粮食需求,农田氮肥施加量不断提升,削减由此导致的农业土壤中N2O的排放已成为全球性挑战。通过对此聚类的施引文献调研发现,该领域主要围绕农业土壤中N2O产生、排放及估算模型开展研究。农田N2O排放的空间显式估计(Spatially explicit estimates)表明,改善肥料管理可以缓解气候变化[44]。同时,有必要通过监测整年度的N2O排放来估算农田排放清单中的N2O排放因子[45]。在实验室及在相关区域尺度上的研究表明,微生物对土壤中氮素的循环具有重要意义,氨氧化菌相对于氨氧化古菌对氮肥施加有更强的响应[46]。在缺磷的土壤中施加磷肥,微生物会在无机氮较为丰富时通过反硝化过程提升N2O的排放[47];生物炭改良土壤可以抑制N2O的产生,同时可将N2O还原为N2[48];在对澳大利亚一处集约化草场的研究发现,较高的土壤充水孔隙会降低当地氮肥利用率[49];同时,河口和沿海湿地生态系统也是大气中N2O的重要来源,对长江口潮间带土壤研究发现,细菌脱氮是此处N2O主要的产生途径[50]

聚类3中重要节点文献所代表的知识基础关注了全球氮肥分配不公造成的氮损失或粮食减产情况[51],通过meta分析土壤N2O排放对氮肥施用的非线性响应,解释了作物需求对氮排放的重大影响[52]。还关注了典型集约化农业系统中氮肥过量施用造成的大气、土壤和水体污染,以及土壤退化问题,号召合理的氮素管理措施以应对其负面影响[53-54]。此外,土壤N2O排放中微生物生产和消费过程与生物/非生物因素的耦合关系的综述[55],以及对氨氧化菌的amoA基因序列分析[56],为阐明微生物在N2O排放中的作用提供了研究知识储备。

2.2.5 聚类4:重金属

土壤中重金属污染问题由来已久,对土壤肥力质量和土壤环境质量具有重要影响。此聚类的施引文献从不同区域尺度上开展了土壤中重金属的分布及风险评估研究,也从微生物参与重金属形态转化的角度阐述了对作物吸收累积的影响;通过机器学习的手段预测作物对土壤中重金属的累积。在不同区域尺度上对土壤中铬、镉、铅、汞、砷、铜、锌和镍等重金属的空间分布变化、环境风险和源头等问题进行了分析[57-60]。土壤微生物燃料电池可以降低稻田土壤中镉、铜、铬和镍的生物有效性,缓解水稻籽粒中相关重金属的累积[61]。同时,变价金属锑的氧化细菌可以氧化三价锑来减弱锑的毒性和吸收以缓解锑对拟南芥的胁迫[62]。机器学习等新的研究方法也被应用于传统重金属的研究,Hu等[63]应用机器学习的方法,发现植物类型是重金属从土壤到作物转移的主要控制因素,其次为土壤中重金属及有机质的含量,此方法可以辅助预测作物中的重金属含量,降低实验室分析所需的时间及人力成本。

此聚类研究基础大多集中在近些年有关土壤污染的相关综述,其指明了我国土壤重金属的污染特征和现状,阐述了有效应对策略及人体健康风险情况,对后续重金属相关研究具有一定指导作用[64-66]。同时,欧盟国家农业土壤中的重金属对食品安全的影响研究也得到一定参考[67]。在消除土壤重金属污染的措施方面,活化或稳定化策略[68],植物重金属修复和应用前景[69]也被着重关注。

2.2.6 聚类5:土壤侵蚀

土壤侵蚀是指土壤及其母质在外营力作用下,被破坏、分离、搬运和沉积的过程,对土壤肥力及下游水体质量具有不利影响。此聚类中的研究分析了前期研究的相关问题,围绕地中海等典型地区土壤侵蚀的模型评估以及具体农艺应对措施开展相关研究。例如有研究系统介绍了现阶段水力侵蚀过程中的问题,包括土壤侵蚀的定义和度量等分歧,以及目前此方面研究中的时空依赖性对预测土壤侵蚀带来的局限性[70]。在微观层面,采用降雨模拟和运动结构摄影测量法分析地中海葡萄园土壤的水力侵蚀[71];在宏观层面上,对土壤侵蚀模式和土壤表面成分进行精确比较和分析[72],也有采用定性和定量法相结合的方式评估相关区域的土壤侵蚀[73];发现秸秆覆盖等方式对缓解地中海土壤侵蚀的效果显著[74-76]

此聚类现阶段的知识基础主要围绕土壤学的基本知识及意义,包括土壤分类学知识[77],土壤的跨学科性质[78]以及土壤和土壤科学对实现联合国可持续发展目标的意义[79]。同时,前期文章中的土壤管理措施对不同土壤水力侵蚀的影响研究对此聚类发展也有一定贡献[80-81]

2.2.7 聚类6:机器学习和聚类7:保护性农业

聚类6和聚类7分别为机器学习和保护性农业,其规模相较于前几个聚类较小。机器学习作为此研究领域中较为新颖的研究手段,已被用于土壤数字制图、土壤有机碳空间预测等。机器学习的常用算法包括随机森林、支持向量机、深度神经网络、多任务卷积神经网络等,其已成功应用于特定区域的土壤粒径分布图的绘制[82]、土壤有机碳空间预测[83]等,并提高了数字土壤测绘的预测准确性[84-85]。机器学习聚类的知识基础主要在于基于机器学习得到的全球土壤网格化信息SoilGrids250m[86],自动地球科学分析系统(SAGA)1.4.4版本[87],具有1 km空间分辨率的全球陆地区域气候表面WorldClim 2[88]以及用于生成ERAInterim的预测模型等[89]

保护性农业作为一种可持续的农业管理策略而得到广泛推广,其原则包含最低限度的土壤扰动、永久性土壤覆盖层以及作物轮作等,将土壤侵蚀、退化及相关水体污染降至最低。有研究者展示了保护性农业的高分辨率形态特征,通过免耕土壤与常规耕作土壤表面形态之间的关系,更好地了解该系统的水文地理过程[90],也利用多准则分析进一步提升国家区域层面的保护性农业分布的空间分辨率[91],也有研究在科学家、政策制定者和土壤相关从业人员等利益相关者团体的参与下创建了一套土壤指标,旨在施行保护性农业,促进土壤的可持续发展[91]。此聚类的研究基础主要围绕粮食安全问题[92]、耕地高效利用的策略[93]以及全球粮食需求与农业集约化的可持续间的关系[94],为保护性农业的提出和发展提供了现实依据。

2.3 2016—2020年国际该领域研究热点

对WoS结果进行关键词共现词分析,以体现2016 —2020年间本领域的研究热点。结果如图 4所示,TOP10关键词如表 3所示。出现频次最高的关键词“重金属”(heavy metal)呼应了聚类4中的相关研究,重点围绕“镉”(cadmium)、“铅”(lead)、“铜”(copper)、“锌”(zinc)等重金属,从“形态”(speciation)、“生物可利用性”(bioavailability)、“健康风险”(health risk)、“累积”(accumulation)、“空间分布”(spatial distribution)等角度开展研究。

表 3 2016—2020年该领域期刊论文TOP10高频关键词 Table 3 TOP10 high-frequency keywords in related fields in 2016—2020

图 4 2016—2020年WoS检索结果的关键词共现词关系 Figure 4 Keyword co-occurring networks of papers from WoS in 2016—2020

关键词“有机质”(organic matter)反映了聚类1中的研究热点,同“碳”(carbon)、“氮”(nitrogen)、“磷”(phosphorus)等营养元素类关键词紧密联系,在“气候变化”(climate change)背景下,探讨“碳固定”(carbon sequestration)等关键过程的“动态变化”(dynamics)。还与聚类0的内容息息相关,如关键词“微生物生物量”(microbial bioma)、“分解”(decomposition)和“呼吸”(respiration)等,反映了微生物过程对土壤有机质分解乃至全球气候变化的至关重要的作用。

关键词“水”(water)与“生物炭”(biochar)在聚类2中的“土壤改良”(amendment)、“吸附”(adsorption)、“污染去除”(removal)等功效紧密相关,同时,土壤水分还与“硝酸盐”(nitrate)、“地下水”(groundwater)、“反硝化作用”(denitrification)以及“温室气体排放”(greenhouse gas emission)等关键词相近,反映了聚类3中氮素损失和N2O排放等研究重点。

“影响”(impact)、“土壤管理”(management)、“生长”(growth)和“作物”(plant)等关键词与“根际”(rhizosphere)、“酶活性”(enzyme activity)、“微生物群落”(microbial community)和“多样性”(diversity)等微生物相关关键词联系紧密,反映了聚类0中微生物群落对于不同土壤管理措施的响应及其对维持植物生产力的意义是本领域的研究热点之一。此外,“土地利用”(land use)、“黄土高原”(loess plateau)、“土壤侵蚀”(soil erosion)、“径流”(runoff)、“流域”(catchment)和“侵蚀”(erosion)等关键词的出现体现聚类5土壤侵蚀中的相关研究热点。

2.4 2016—2020年国内该领域研究热点

对中国知网CNKI 2016—2020年发表的本领域中文章的关键词进行共现词分析,结果如图 5所示,TOP10关键词见表 3。通过WoS和CNKI关键词的对比发现,在土壤环境领域国际、国内发文关注点多有重合。如CNKI中的“土壤有机质”“土壤微生物”“生物炭”“土壤侵蚀”和“重金属”关键词直接体现了WoS中的聚类名称;“土壤水分”“土壤养分”和“产量”等中文关键词与“water”“nitrogen”“carbon”和“growth”等英文关键词直接相关,这些均可体现出国内外研究的同步发展。此外,重金属为国际发文热点,排名第一,而国内发文则排名第十;全球气候变化进入WoS TOP10关键词前十,而未进入CNKI的相关列表。这些差异可能来自国内外研究热点的侧重,也可能与数据来源期刊的收录范围有关(WoS中所有期刊收录和CNKI核心期刊收录)。由于CNKI检索结果无法开展引文分析,现通过重要关键词的分析以图掌握本领域的研究热点。

图 5 2016—2020年CNKI检索结果的关键词共现词关系 Figure 5 Keyword co-occurring networks of papers from CNKI in 2016—2020

围绕关键词“土壤有机质”,研究从土壤固碳的角度考察了生物炭、沼液、秸秆或泥炭等的施用以及地膜覆盖等农艺措施,以及氮沉降、降雨量等气候变化的影响[95-97];提出土壤碳同化(soil carbon assimilation)概念以描述土壤对CO2的吸收和无机固定过程,阐述了我国西北干旱区土壤有机碳等因素对碳同化的影响[98];从区域尺度到相对微观尺度,探讨了土壤有机质的空间变异以及在土壤团聚体中的分布情况[99-101];在方法学上,稳定碳同位素和示差红外光谱等技术被应用于土壤有机碳转化及组成的相关研究中[102-103]

“土壤养分”是重要的研究热点之一,研究者以有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾为评价因子,利用地理信息系统、地统计分析法、遥感解译分类和组合赋权TOPSIS模型法等手段,对黔中经济区、江淮丘陵地区等农产品生产基地的养分空间变异情况[104-105],及高寒草原草甸区土壤养分受土壤侵蚀和植被覆盖的影响进行了合理分析与评估[106]。同时,通过大田试验及实验室研究分析了煤基复混肥和生物炭的施用对农业土壤中的养分及作物产量提升作用的影响[107-108]

围绕“土壤微生物”这一关键词,利用“高通量测序”等手段探测土壤微生物群落的丰度、结构和功能多样性随环境变化而发生的改变,并从以上角度入手开展了相应研究。如在田间条件下模拟大气CO2浓度和气温上升等情况,分析了土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性的变化特征,探究气候变化对土壤微生物多样性以及功能的影响[109-110];考察了矿区和污灌区等典型污染区域镉、铅、砷等重金属以及多环芳烃、双酚A、苯并[a]芘等有机污染物对土壤微生物群落丰度和多样性的影响[111-113],也考察了粪肥和有机肥施用等农艺措施以及林木的混交种植对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响[114-115]

围绕“土壤水分”,研究从区域尺度下考察了林地、草地等不同土地利用类型中土壤水分的平衡情况及空间异质性[116-119];探究了土壤水分对土壤呼吸及石灰土无机碳释放的影响[120-121];研究了免耕、垄作和常规耕作等不同耕作方式[120]以及枝条覆盖等措施[122]对土壤水分状况的影响。

“生物炭”在2016—2020年间持续成为本领域的研究热点。此间研究涵盖了不同土壤中生物炭添加对CO2、CH4和N2O等温室气体释放[123-126],以及对肥料利用效率的影响[125-126];还阐述了生物炭改良酸化土壤,提升团聚体结构稳定性,延缓土壤可蚀性的作用[127-129],以及促进多环芳烃等有机污染物降解的作用[130]

围绕“土壤侵蚀”这一热点,研究从土地利用类型、坡度、植被、土壤类型等环境因子着手,对土壤侵蚀的特征、分布及时空演变进行了详细的评估[131-132];采用室内人工降雨模拟试验,深入探究坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理[133],还从土壤侵蚀诱导土壤有机碳分布的角度,阐述了该过程对土壤酶活性的影响[134]。也有相关综述性文章分析了国内外土壤侵蚀及其阻控研究,总结了我国复杂环境下土壤侵蚀理论和实践的研究成果[135];对我国青藏高原地区不同土壤侵蚀类型及研究短板进行了系统性的阐述[136]

围绕“土壤酶活性”,开展了以下研究:通过不同肥料养分和生物菌剂的添加,研究了旱地和稻田土壤中土壤酶活的提升[137-138]。考察了次生林、人工林、灌草丛、坡耕地、湿地植物区中的土壤酶活性,分析了开窗补阔等人工改造方式和土地利用方式的变化下土壤酶活的垂直分布等特征[139-141]

作物“产量”常是土壤学及环境科学相关研究的最终评价方式。有研究考察了养分投入和腐植酸等调理剂的施加对土壤物理化学性状的改善,其可提升果园产量,改善作物品质[142-143];研究不同秸秆还田方式、地膜覆盖等措施对土壤水分、土壤微生物和酶活的影响,以及小麦、大豆和玉米等作物相应的产量响应[144-146];还考察了咸水资源灌溉下土壤水盐分布与籽棉产量的响应[147]

围绕土壤“重金属”污染问题,从其在土壤中的有效性、植物(作物)富集和风险评价角度开展相应研究。如畜禽粪便有机肥中的重金属在水稻土中生物有效性的动态变化[148];典型重金属在不同研究区域(湿地、矿区)中的优势植物、设施农业中蔬菜、城市森林中不同树种的富集特征[149-152]。还从微生物与重金属相互作用的角度,分析了不同土地利用类型的土壤中微生物群落多样性对重金属的响应[153]以及产脲酶细菌矿化修复镉、铅污染土壤的机制[154]

2.5 局限性探讨

基于CiteSpace的文献计量学分析可以借助庞大的原始数据量较为客观地体现所研究领域的总体演进趋势、发展方向及热点,然而由于数据筛选阈值等软件设置问题,领域最前沿的研究通常因为其知识基础(参考文献)或文中所列关键词出现次数过低而尚未形成规模,被常规研究的数据所埋没,造成分析结果的局限性,如土壤环境大数据的构建与应用、土壤有机污染物、土壤纳米颗粒和微塑料等新型污染物、污染物的交互作用、土壤修复、土壤健康等前沿问题均未作为热点问题而得以体现。在后续研究中需要对检索关键词、数据来源和软件阈值等条件的筛选和设置进行更为客观地评估,并可按照领域中研究方向的划分再次进行检索分析,使其更能反映领域最前沿的发展。

3 结论

本文利用文献计量学软件CiteSpace,对2016— 2020年间在WoS和CNKI上收录的以“土壤”为主题发表的国内外文献开展了分析,一定程度上反映了环境土壤学中相关研究的发展方向及热点。

(1)2016—2020年5年间相关研究领域发展稳定,发文量较大。中国的研究成果居世界首位,且中美两国发文占比超过国际该领域发文的50%。

(2)从国际该研究领域的发展方向和热点上看,共有微生物群落、有机碳、生物炭改良、N2O排放、重金属、土壤侵蚀、机器学习、保护性农业8个重要聚类。围绕土壤中重金属污染、有机质固定与转化、各营养元素利用与循环以及全球气候变化等热点问题开展研究。

(3)从国内本领域研究热点上看,土壤有机质、养分和微生物的相关研究最受关注,同时也围绕土壤水分、生物炭改良、土壤侵蚀和作物产量等问题开展了大量研究。

(4)由于方法的局限性,在后续研究中应进一步完善软件功能与参数的合理性,使其更为科学、全面而客观地反映本领域的前沿与进展。

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