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| Water degradation footprint of crop production in Hebei Province |
| Received:July 14, 2017 Revised:September 19, 2017 |
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| KeyWord:water footprint;life cycle assessment;water degradation;crop production;Recipe |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | DU Ling | Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | | | XU Chang-chun | Science and Technology Development Center, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100122, China | | | WU Yao | Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | | | WANG Meng | Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | | | CHEN Fu | Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | chenfu@cau.edu.cn |
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| Abstract: |
| To evaluate the environmental impacts of the degradative water caused by fertilizer application in cropping systems, both historical data and the water footprint theory were adopted in the current study. Specifically, the Recipe life cycle assessment method was used to evaluate the water degradation footprint in cropping systems in the 11 cities of Hebei Province from 1995 to 2014. Our results showed that the average application rate of N and P fertilizers in crop production increased by 36.3% and 52.5%, respectively, across Hebei Province from 1995 to 2014. During this period, the annual N application per hectare was highest in Qinhuangdao(335.4 kg·hm-2), while the annual P application per hectare was highest in Handan(119.1 kg·hm-2). When focusing on fertilizer application in each city in the years of 1995, 2004, and 2014, N application was found to be greatest in Shijiazhuang and increased at the fastest rate in Cangzhou, while P application was greatest in Handan and increased at the fastest rate in Chengde. In the last 20 years, the annual mean water degradation footprint per unit(wdf) was found to be highest in Shijiazhuang(2.350 Ml·H2Oe·hm-2), followed by Qinhuangdao and Handan, and was lowest in Zhangjiakou; the wdf significantly increased in Qinhuangdao. The regional water degradation footprint(WFD) increased for all cities when compared for 1995, 2004, and 2014. The average WDF was highest in Shijiazhuang, which was in the first-level area for all years, followed by Handan, which was in the first-level area in 2004 and 2014; the WDF was highest in Handan in 2014. In addition, the increase ratio of WDF was largest in Qinhuangdao, which increased by 77.4% from 1995 to 2014, whereas the increase was smallest in Shijiazhuang, at only 26.7% from 1995 to 2014. In general, this study can provide some evidence for the optimization and sustainable application of agricultural water resources in each city in Hebei Province. |
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