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| Degradation and transformation of conjugated estrogens during composting |
| Received:May 14, 2019 |
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| KeyWord:compost;dairy feces;conjugated estrogens;degradation |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | WANG Zhen | College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China | | | ZHANG Hong-chang | Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China | | | SHEN Gen-xiang | College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China | shengx@saes.sh.cn | | HU Shuang-qing | Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China | | | QIAN Xiao-yong | Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China | | | WANG Zhen-qi | Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China | | | LI Zhen-jin | College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| A pretreatment method employing microwave and solid-phase extraction and an instrumental analytical method employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed to analyze the degradation and transformation of 15 target estrogens found in dairy feces undergoing a 70-day composting period. The results showed that E1-3G, E3-3G, OP, BPA, DES, and EE2 were degraded effectively during the composting, whereas NP degraded at a relatively slower rate, specifically at a 48.84% residual rate of NP. During composting, the conjugated estrogens were first hydrolyzed into free estrogens(mainly E1)and then degraded further. After 70 days of composting, the concentration of E1 was approximately three times its initial value. The degradation rates of glucuronide-conjugated estrogens were ≥ 98.76%, which was higher than those of sulfate-conjugated estrogens. The latter were relatively stable and could still be detected on day 70 at degradation rates between 92.74% and 96.79%. The study found that the estrogens, including E1-3S, E2-3S, E2-17S, E2-3G, E2-17G, NP, E1, and E2, might eventually enter the environment through fertilization at concentrations of 1.75, 9.5, 16.4, 3.89, 4.44, 233.4, 69.28, and 11.98 μg·kg-1, respectively. These results reveal that composting could be used as a treatment method for livestock manure, which can effectively reduce the estrogen content in feces. However, a certain amount of environmental risk remains after applying composted manure to a field, and further evaluation of manure application is needed. |
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