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| Enteric methane emissions and mitigation strategies in ruminants |
| Received:January 30, 2020 |
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| KeyWord:methane emission;rumen fermentation;hydrogen;nutritional regulation;methanogen |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | ZHANG Xiu-min | Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha 410125, China | | | WANG Rong | Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha 410125, China | | | MA Zhi-yuan | Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha 410125, China | | | WANG Min | Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha 410125, China | mwang@isa.ac.cn | | TAN Zhi-liang | Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha 410125, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| Enteric methane emissions from ruminants is an important source of greenhouse gas production. Reducing enteric methane emissions from ruminants helps to alleviate global greenhouse effect and improve livestock feed efficiency. This study will review the latest researches of enteric methane emissions, and includes enteric methane emissions in China, mechanism of ruminal methanogenesis, the nutritional factors that affect methanogenesis, and strategies for methane inhibition. At present, enteric methane emissions exceed 10 Tg in China, which accounting for more than 15% of global enteric methane emissions. The enteric methane is mainly produced in the rumen and hindgut, and the methane from rumen accounts for more than 80% of enteric methane production. The carbon dioxide reduction is the major pathway of ruminal methanogenesis, which uses abundant hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane. Hydrogen can also be used to produce volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins which can be utilized by the livestock. The key to reducing methane emissions is to promote the hydrogen utilization in the rumen and prevent hydrogen utilization from methanogenesis. Nutritional mitigation strategies include optimizing diet composition, improving feed quality, increasing rumen passage rate, adding hydrogen sinks and methane inhibitors. Most nutritional strategies have less than 40% reduction of enteric methane emissions, except the newly developed inhibitor, 3-NOP, which can reduce methane emissions by up to 80%. However, the industrial application of some strategies is also affected by other factors, such as additive residues, antibiotics prohibition, food safety, production prices, and consumer preferences. Farm management and genetic selection are also important strategies to reduce the methane emissions, and can reduce the methane emissions by 57% in terms of g·kg-1 milk during the recent 100 years. Further studies can be focused on genetic selection of low-emission breeds, the combined effects of different nutritional strategies, the economic benefits and sustainability of methane emissions reduction, livestock growth performance and health, food safety, and customer preferences and other aspects. |
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