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| The effects of combined organic and inorganic fertilizer on the bacterial nitrogen cycling functional genes in wheat and maize soils by PICRUSt functional prediction |
| Received:June 20, 2020 |
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| KeyWord:combined organic and inorganic fertilizers;nitrogen cycling;functional genes;wheat-maize rotation;PICRUSt functional prediction |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | HU He | Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environment Pollution Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China | | | WU Xian | Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environment Pollution Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China | | | ZHAO Jian-ning | Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environment Pollution Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China | | | YANG Dian-lin | Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environment Pollution Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China | | | WANG Li-li | Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environment Pollution Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China | | | LI Gang | Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environment Pollution Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China | ligang06@caas.cn | | XIU Wei-ming | Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environment Pollution Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China | xiuweiming@caas.cn |
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| Abstract: |
| A field experiment was conducted in a wheat-maize rotation field to investigate the effects of combined organic and inorganic fertilizers on the functional genes involved in soil bacterial nitrogen cycling. Three fertilizer combinations were investigated, including single chemical fertilizer(NPK), chemical fertilizer with maize straw(NPKS), and chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer(NPKO). The characteristics of the nitrogen cycling functional genes were explored using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, followed by PICRUSt functional prediction analysis. Our results showed that, at the level 2 of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)functional classification, the relative abundance of the wheat soil bacterial excretion system was significantly higher with the NPKS treatment compared to NPK(+8.73%), and the relative abundance of the metabolic cofactors and vitamins significantly decreased with the NPKO treatment(- 0.90%). There were no significant differences in the maize soil bacterial functional abundances among treatments. When the organic and inorganic fertilizers were simultaneously applied, the number of level 3 bacterial functions with pronounced differences were significantly higher in wheat soil than in maize soil. Compared to the NPK treatment, the NPKS treatment significantly reduced the relative abundances of the wheat soil bacterial amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, thiamine metabolism, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, riboflavin metabolism and longevity regulating pathwayworm. In maize soil, the relative abundances of the bacterial glioma and neurotrophin signaling pathways were significantly reduced, and the relative abundance of the bacterial synaptic vesicle cycle significantly increased. The NPKO treatment significantly reduced the relative abundances of the wheat soil bacterial cell cycle-Caulobacter, thiamine metabolism and riboflavin metabolism, but significantly improved the relative abundance of the base excision repair. The relative abundance of the maize soil bacteria methane metabolism was also significantly reduced with the NPKO treatment. Twenty-three types of functional genes within the bacterial nitrogen cycling KEGG Orthology(KO)pathway were identified in the wheat and maize soils. The bacterial nitrogen cycling functional gene abundances in wheat soil were significantly positively correlated with the soil organic matter(SOM) and total nitrogen(TN), and significantly negatively correlated with the ammonium-nitrogen(NH4+-N)content. The functional gene abundances in maize soil had a significant positive correlation with TN and total phosphorus(TP). The bacteria in wheat and maize soils were functionally diverse, and the wheat soil bacterial metabolism was high when combined application organic and inorganic fertilizers was undertook. For both crops, the soil bacterial nitrogen dissimilation reduction and the nitrogen assimilation reduction potentials were high, the denitrification and nitrogen fixation potentials were less prominent, and the nitrification potential was low. The crop rotation system had a significant influence on the functional genes involved in soil bacterial nitrogen cycling. In wheat soil, SOM and TN promoted bacterial nitrogen cycling, but NH4+-N had the opposite effect. In maize soil, TN and TP actively influenced bacterial nitrogen cycling. |
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