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| Organic acid responses in root exudates of wetland plant due to the stress of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
| Received:December 13, 2021 |
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| KeyWord:root exudate;organic acid;non-steroidal anti-inflammatorys drugs (NSAIDs);wetland plant;high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | YE Bin | School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China | | | ZHOU Tao | Dongzhu Ecological Environment Protection Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214101, China | | | LIAN Jie | School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China | | | LI Yifei | School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China | liyifei@jiangnan.edu.cn | | ZOU Hua | School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| This study investigated the organic acid responses in the root exudates of a typical wetland plant, Phragmites australis, to the long-term stress of a mixture of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) :diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, and naproxen. First, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was optimized for the analysis of organic acids. Then, a hydroponic system and a constructed wetland system were built up under the stress of NSAIDs (surface water level, 100 ng·L-1), in which Phragmites australis plants were cultivated at seedling, vegetative, and bolting stages. The organic acids in root exudates, growth and physiological indices of plants, and concentrations of NSAIDs accumulated in plant roots were analyzed for the two systems. The experimental results showed that the optimized HPLC method could determine 12 organic acids (oxalate, tartaric acid, quinate, malate, malonate, lactate, acetate, citric acid, succinic acid, propionic acid, fumarate, and rrans-aconitic acid) within 10 min, and the detection limits were all lower than 1 mg·L-1. In both systems, with plant development, the root secretion rates of quinate, citrate, propionic acid, malonate, malate, and oxalate increased when exposed to NSAIDs, especially at the bolting stage. This indicates that Phragmites australis in the constructed wetland system was prone to promote the microbial degradation of NSAIDs via the root release of certain organic acids, thus reducing the amount of NSAIDs absorbed by roots. The reduction in NSAIDs accumulation in roots and the inhibition of chlorophyll indirectly supported this deduction. Overall, quinate, citrate, propionic acid, malonate, malate, and oxalate showed the potential to enhance the efficiency of NSAID removal from surface water by constructed wetlands. |
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