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| Effects of Application Approach and Soil Depth on Overwintering Persistence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes |
| Received:June 17, 2015 |
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| KeyWord:aqueous suspension;nematode infected-cadavers;soil depth;survival |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | BAI Guang-ying | College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China | | | SHEN Guang-shuang | College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China | | | MA Hai-kun | College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China | | | WANG Xiao-ying | College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China | | | LIU Yao-hua | College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China | | | GU Xi-shu | Tianjin Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin 300112, China | | | RUAN Wei-bin | College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China | ruanweibin2004@hotmail.com | | Martijn Bezemer | Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, 506700AB | |
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| Abstract: |
| Entomopathogenic nematodes(genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) are the most effective biological control agents, which is an alternative to chemical pesticides. These nematodes are widely used to control a variety of economically important insect pests, thus reducing pesticide residues in food and risk to the environment. However,the survival of entomopathogenic nematodes is a crucial limiting factor for a large scale application of these agents. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the overwintering persistence of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae in field condition by putting the nematodes inside 25 μm nylon bag. We analyzed the effects of three factors on the persistence of these two nematode strains. These factors included:①soil depth(5 cm vs 15 cm), ②nematode application methods(cadaver vs suspension) and ③sampling time(Dec. 8th 2013, Feb. 18th 2014, and April 14th 2014). Steinernema carpocapsae was more resistant to low soil temperature than H. bacteriophora, with higher survival rates for S. carpocapsae under both application methods after four months. The survival rates at 15 cm soil depth were higher than that at 5 cm depth, independent of application methods and nematode strains. At the first two sampling times(Dec.8th 2013, and Feb. 18th 2014), the nematode-infected cadavers did not release any infective juveniles. In mid-April, however, the cadavers released infective juveniles with no significant difference in total number of nematodes between two application methods. Our results indicate that using nematode infected cadavers to overcome the harsh winter might be an option for efficient application of this biological control agent. |
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