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| Distribution of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in paddy soil and grains of rice in the Pearl River Delta region and the health risk assessment |
| Received:March 10, 2016 |
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| KeyWord:phthalic acid esters;paddy soil;grains;health risk assessment;Pearl River Delta |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | LU Lei-an | Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China | | | CHEN Xue-bin | Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China | | | ZHAO Hai-ming | Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China | | | MO Ce-hui | Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China | | | LI Hui | Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China | | | LI Yan-wen | Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China | | | CAI Quan-ying | Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China | cai_quanying@yahoo.com |
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| Abstract: |
| This study aimed to investigate the distribution of PAEs in paddy soil and grains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) within the Pearl River Delta region and to evaluate the human health risk of PAEs via the ingestion of rice. Paddy soil samples (n=30) and grain samples (n=37) were collected from the rice cultivation areas of four cities (i.e., Dongguan, Guangzhou, Huizhou, Panyu) in this region. Nine PAE com pounds in samples were ultrasonic-assisted extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that the sum concentrations of nine PAE compounds (ΣPAEs) in paddy soils ranged from 3.25 to 8.05 mg·kg-1 with a mean of 5.25 mg·kg-1, and those in grains were between 1.77 and 4.13 mg·kg-1 with a mean of 2.93 mg·kg-1. The highest average concentrations in both of paddy soil (6.26±1.45 mg·kg-1) and grains (3.13±0.71 mg·kg-1) were observed in the samples from Dongguan City. Di-n-butyl ph thalate (DBP), di-2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP) were the most abundant compounds, accounting for more than 85% of the ΣPAEs. The bioaccumulation factor of grains to PAEs (defined as the ratio of PAE concentrations in grains to those in soil) varied from 0.37 to 1.27, and some of them for DBP, DEHP and DIBP were greater than 1.0. The ΣPAEs in rice and chaff ranged from 1.33 to 3.22 mg·kg-1 (with a mean of 2.17 mg·kg-1) and from 0.81 to 2.61 mg·kg-1 (with a mean of 1.43 mg·kg-1). Estimated daily intakes of DBP and DEHP for adult ranged from 0.52 to 2.61 μg·kg-1 bw·d-1 and from 0.65 to 4.09 μg·kg-1 bw·d-1, those for child ranged 1.12 to 5.58 μg·kg-1 bw·d-1 and from 1.57 to 9.91 μg·kg-1 bw·d-1, respectively, via the ingestion of rice of this study, being lower than the refer ence doses proposed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (DBP:100 μg·kg-1 bw·d-1, DEHP:20 μg·kg-1 bw·d-1). The human health risk via the ingestion of rice is relatively low. |
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