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| Effects of long-term application of organic materials on the ecosystem services of paddy fields |
| Received:March 20, 2017 |
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| KeyWord:organic materials;paddy field;ecosystem services;net economic benefit(NEB) |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | QUAN Xiao-fei | State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China | | | YAN Xiao-yuan | State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China | yanxy@issas.ac.cn | | WANG Shu-wei | State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China | | | ZHOU Wei | State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| There are many individual studies on the effects of long-term application of organic materials on ecosystem services of paddy fields in terms of grain yield,greenhouse gas emissions,heavy metals,and nitrogen and phosphorus leaching,but few have comprehensively monitored or assessed the effects with a comprehensive index.We examined greenhouse gas emissions,heavy metal accumulation in soil,nitrogen and phosphorus leaching,rice yield,and soil fertility data from a 20-year (1997-2016) experiment to explore the effects of three different treatments,namely chemical fertilizer application (F),pig manure plus chemical fertilizer application (FM) and straw plus chemical fertilizer application (FS),on the ecosystem services of paddy fields.The net economic benefit (NEB) was chosen as a key index for evaluating ecosystem services.Compared to F,FM significantly (P<0.05) increased the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC),total N,total P,and available P.FS significantly (P<0.05) increased the contents of SOC and available K.In addition,FS and FM consistently increased rice yield by 4%.FS and FM increased CH4 emission and annual SOC sequestration rate and decreased N2O emission.Moreover,compared to F and FS,FM decreased the N load in percolating water and significantly increased the P concentration in surface water and P load in percolating water at 20 cm depth,while water at 60 cm and 80 cm was not affected.FM also significantly (P<0.05) increased the contents of zinc,copper,and cadmium in soil,but all of the heavy metals did not exceed the Soil Environmental Quality Standard Ⅱ.FM did not cause the accumulation of heavy metals in brown rice,indicating that the contents of the heavy metals in brown rice were within safe limits.Compared to F,FM increased the NEB by about 5.2%(1 056.8 yuan·hm-2).Taken together,our results suggest that the positive effects of pig manure on ecosystem services of paddy fields outnumbered its negative effects at a timescale of 20 years. |
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