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| Degradation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes during composting of livestock waste: A review |
| Received:December 03, 2019 |
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| KeyWord:livestock manure;composting;antibiotics;antibiotic resistantance genes;microbial |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | SONG Ting-ting | Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China | | | ZHU Chang-xiong | Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China | | | XUE Sha | College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China | | | LI Bin-xu | Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China | | | ZHANG Zhi-guo | Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China | | | LI Hong-na | Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China | lihongna828@163.com |
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| Abstract: |
| The abuse and discharge of antibiotics can cause the spread and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Livestock manure is one of the main sources of antibiotic contamination in the environment. Antibiotics such as tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, beta lactams, sulfonamides, and aminoglycosides, which are widespread in the soil and water environment, were studied. The levels of environmental residues and their effects on plants, animals, and microorganisms were assessed. The influence and mechanism of removing antibiotics and ARGs through livestock manure composting was analyzed. The aim was to provide technical support for the control of pollution by antibiotics and ARGs. It was concluded that the residues of antibiotics in pig manure were the highest, among which the residues of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurans, and macrolides ranged from 1390~354 000 mg·kg-1, 170.6~89 000 mg·kg-1, 411.3~1 516.2 mg·kg-1, 85.1~158.1 mg·kg-1, and 1.4~4.8 mg·kg-1, respectively. Composting had a good degradation effect on most antibiotics, among which the removal rate of tetracycline antibiotics was 62.7%~99% and that of the sulfonamides was 0~99.99%. Composting could almost completely remove macrolides, but could not remove quinolone antibiotics. During composting, the removal of ARGs also varied with the types of antibiotics and composting methods. Studies have shown that composting is effective in the removal of ARGs, except for macrolides ARGs, with a removal rate of 50.03%~100%. Moreover, Firmicutes, Actinomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominated in the early stage of composting. Actinomycetes became the most dominant at the end stage. The initial antibiotic concentration did not affect the microbial community at the end of the composting. Temperature and pH were the most important factors affecting the degradation of antibiotics, and the removal of ARGs was mainly affected by temperature. |
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