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| Assessment of fertilizer application and environmental cost from typical open-field vegetable production in Chongqing City, China |
| Received:September 13, 2021 Revised:February 07, 2022 |
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| KeyWord:vegetable species;fertilizer application rate;reactive nitrogen losses;greenhouse gas emission;mitigation potential |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | CHENG Taihong | College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China | | | WU Ji | College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in the Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China | | | LIANG Tao | College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
Chongqing Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China | | | TAN Qingjun | Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in the Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China | | | DAI Anyong | Agricultural and Rural Committee of Tongliang District, Chongqing 401120, China | | | CHEN Xinping | College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in the Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China | | | WANG Xiaozhong | College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in the Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China | wxz20181707@swu.edu.cn |
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| Abstract: |
| Globally, intensive vegetable production is a system with high inputs and high environmental costs. Reducing the environmental cost of vegetable production across different regions is key to achieving sustainable production of vegetables. This study used a combination of farmer questionnaires and a life cycle assessment(LCA)method to assess the current status of fertilizer application in and environmental cost[including reactive nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions] from typical open-field vegetable production in Chongqing City, China. Additionally, the differences of fertilizer application and environmental costs among various vegetable crops were compared. Finally, based on the recommended fertilizer rate, we estimated the reduction potential of fertilizer use and environmental cost, and identified mitigation measures. The results revealed that the fertilizer application rates for vegetable production in the Tongliang District, Chongqing, were high. The average application rates of N, phosphorus(P2O5), and potassium(K2O)were 483, 321 kg · hm-2, and 369 kg · hm-2, respectively, which generally exceeded the crop demand for nutrients. The ratio of basal fertilizer was too high, and the ratio of top dressing was low. High fertilizer input has resulted in high environmental costs for the vegetable production system in this region. The average reactive N loss and GHG emissions were 141 kg·hm-2 and 6 352 kg CO2e·hm-2, respectively. The high application of nitrogen fertilizer contributed 86.6%~92.9% to reactive N losses and GHG emissions. High variation in fertilizer rate, reactive N losses, and GHG was observed among different vegetable crops, and where solanaceous vegetables showed relatively higher reactive N loss and higher contribution to GHG emissions than other vegetable species. These results suggest there is high mitigation potential for fertilizer rates and environmental costs in this region. Optimizing the fertilizer rate could reduce the application of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizers by 48%, 55%, and 39%, respectively, and reduce reactive N losses and greenhouse gas emissions by 46% and 48%, respectively. Therefore, optimizing the fertilizer rate, especially the application of N fertilizer, is vital to reduce environmental costs and to realize sustainable vegetable production. |
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