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| 科尔沁沙地玉米秸秆颗粒高量还田对玉米产量的遗留效应及光合生理机制 |
| Residual effects of high-amount pelletized maize straw return on maize yield and its photosynthetic physiological mechanisms in the Horqin sandy land |
| 投稿时间：2025-12-31 |
| DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2025.1359 |
| 中文关键词: 玉米（Zea Mays L.），科尔沁沙地，土壤养分，光合生理，产量 |
| 英文关键词: maize（Zea mays L.）, Horqin sandy land, soil nutrient, photosynthetic physiology, yield |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2023YFD1500902）；国家自然科学基金项目（32560514）；内蒙古自治区高层次人才引进项目（DC2400001031）；内蒙古农业大学双一流建设项目（NDYB2023-14） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 秸秆颗粒高量还田可快速培肥土壤并提高作物产量，但其对沙地土壤养分后续变化和后茬作物产量及其光合生理机制尚未系统研究。为此，本研究以科尔沁沙地玉米连作为研究对象，明确一次性玉米秸秆颗粒高量（75 t·hm-2和150 t·hm-2）深翻还田（0~35 cm）对第2~4年土壤速效养分和玉米产量及其构成、光合特性、干物质积累等的影响。结果表明，秸秆颗粒150 t·hm-2还田后3~4年对亚耕层土壤速效养分的遗留效应仍具有优势，较秸秆不还田土壤有效磷和速效钾含量2024—2025年平均提高171.2%和152.0%（P<0.05）。相较于秸秆不还田，秸秆颗粒75 t·hm-2还田2023年和2024年籽粒产量分别提高180.0%和30.3%（P<0.05），2025年增产不显著；而150 t·hm-2还田2023、2024年和2025年籽粒产量分别提高219.1%、97.5%和32.7%（P<0.05）。穗数并非产量的决定因素，而增产效应归因于穗粒数和百粒质量增加；其中150 t·hm-2还田处理2023、2024年和2025年穗粒数较秸秆不还田分别增加39.3%、39.1%和19.2%，百粒质量分别提高52.4%、39.3%和10.1%（P<0.05）。值得注意的是，秸秆颗粒高量还田增加了花前干物质积累量，但其对籽粒的干物质转运量与秸秆不还田无显著差异，这凸显了花后干物质积累对增产的贡献；其中150 t·hm-2还田处理2024年和2025年灌浆期下部叶相对叶绿素含量平均增加20.9%，穗位叶净光合速率提升31.1%，花后干物质积累量增加75.9%（P<0.05），对籽粒的贡献率提高了11.2个百分点。综上，秸秆颗粒高量还田通过大幅增加土壤速效养分，提高光合性能和花后干物质积累，实现穗粒数与百粒质量的同步提高，促进玉米长效增产，其中75 t·hm-2还田增产效应可以维持三年，而150 t·hm-2在四年以上，四年累计经济效益达41 400元·hm-2，是秸秆不还田的2.8倍。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| High-amount pelletized straw return rapidly boosts soil fertility and crop productivity, but its residual effects on soil nutrient status, as well as the succeeding maize yields and underlying photosynthetic mechanisms in sandy regions remain unclarified. A field trial with continuous maize in the Horqin sandy land included three treatments：no straw return, one-time deep ploughing return（0-35 cm）of 75 t· hm-2 and 150 t· hm-2 pelletized maize straw. The research evaluated their effects on soil available nutrients, yield, yield components, photosynthetic traits, and dry matter accumulation during the second to fourth years after return. Results showed that the residual effect of 150 t·hm-2 pelletized straw return on subsoil available nutrients remained advantageous in the third to fourth years. Compared with no straw return, the contents of soil available phosphorus and available potassium increased by an average of 171.2% and 152.0% in two years（P<0.05）, providing a nutrient basis for maize growth and yield formation. Additionally, compared with no straw return, 75 t·hm-2 pelletized straw return treatment significantly increased grain yield by 180.0% and 30.3% in 2023 and 2024, respectively（P<0.05）, with no significant yield gain observed in 2025. In contrast, 150 t· hm-2 pelletized straw return treatment maintained significant yield increments over the experimental period, with grain yield increasing by 219.1%, 97.5%, and 32.7% in 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively（P<0.05）. Ear number was not a determinant of yield; instead, the yield-promoting effect was primarily attributed to the coordinated improvement of kernel number per ear and 100-kernel mass. Specifically, compared with no straw return, 150 t· hm-2 pelletized straw return treatment significantly increased kernel number per ear by 39.3%, 39.1%, and 19.2% and 100-kernel mass by 52.4%, 39.3%, and 10.1% in 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively（P<0.05）. Notably, although high-amount pelletized straw return enhanced pre-anthesis dry matter accumulation, there was no significant difference in the amount of dry matter remobilized to grains compared with no straw return, highlighting the critical contribution of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to yield improvement. For 150 t·hm-2 pelletized straw return treatment, the average relative chloro phy ll content of lower leaves during the grain-filling stage significantly increased by 20.9%, the net photosynthetic rate of earleaves increased by 31.1%, resulting in a 75.9% increase in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation（P<0.05）and 11.2 percentage points in its contribution rate to grains in 2024 and 2025. In conclusion, pelletized straw return promotes long-term maize yield increase by continuously supplying nutrients, improving photosynthetic performance and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, thereby synergistically enhancing kernel number per ear and 100-kernel mass. The yield-increasing effect of 75 t·hm-2 pelletized straw return treatment persisted for three years, while that of the 150 t·hm-2 pelletized straw return treatment extended to over four years, achieving a cumulative economic benefit of 41 400 yuan·hm-2 during the four-year period, which is 2.8 times that of the no straw return. |
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