生物炭配合化肥减施对异龙湖流域辣椒地土壤氮磷流失的影响

李世雄; 袁世豪; 马淳; 朋远扬; 达布希拉图; 孙铭骏; 飞进强

文章摘要

生物炭配合化肥减施对异龙湖流域辣椒地土壤氮磷流失的影响

Effects of biochar combined with chemical fertilizer reduction on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in pepper soil in Yilong Lake basin

Received:May 23, 2025

DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2025.0478

中文关键词: 化肥减量，生物炭，氮磷流失，综合评价

英文关键词: fertilizer reduction, biochar, nitrogen and phosphorus loss, comprehensive evaluation

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（41967015）；石屏县农业生态环境治理项目（SPHJZL20202025）

Author Name	Affiliation	E-mail
Li Shixiong	Key Laboratory for Improving Quality and Productivity of Arable Land of Yunnan Province, College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Yuan Shihao	Key Laboratory for Improving Quality and Productivity of Arable Land of Yunnan Province, College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Ma Chun	Key Laboratory for Improving Quality and Productivity of Arable Land of Yunnan Province, College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Peng Yuanyang	Key Laboratory for Improving Quality and Productivity of Arable Land of Yunnan Province, College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Dabu Xilatu	Key Laboratory for Improving Quality and Productivity of Arable Land of Yunnan Province, College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China	490244702@qq.com
Sun Mingjun	Bureau of Agriculture, Rural Affairs and Science and Technology of Shiping County, Shiping 662200, China
Fei Jinqiang	Bureau of Agriculture, Rural Affairs and Science and Technology of Shiping County, Shiping 662200, China

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中文摘要:

为探讨异龙湖流域生物炭配合化肥减施对菜地土壤氮磷渗漏流失的影响，为异龙湖流域氮磷面源污染源头阻控和蔬菜减肥增效提供理论依据和科学指导，本研究采用田间径流小区试验，以辣椒为试验材料，设单施化肥（CF）、施用生物炭（7 500 kg·hm^-2）分别配合化肥减施0%（BF）、15%（BF15）、30%（BF30）、45%（BF45），比较分析施用生物炭与减量施肥对辣椒产量、品质、土壤理化性质和氮磷渗漏损失特征的影响。结果表明，相较于CF，施用生物炭与适量减量施肥可以提高辣椒产量，其中，BF45并不会造成辣椒减产。与CF相比，生物炭的施用显著提高了耕层土壤速效养分含量、阳离子交换量（CEC），并降低了土壤电导率（EC）。与CF相比，生物炭与减量施肥提高了耕层土壤水溶性氮（WTN）、总磷（TP）、铵态氮（H₄⁺-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）在0~20 cm土层的含量，降低了 20~40 cm和 40~60 cm土层中的含量，但对 NO₃^--N无显著影响。在 CF处理下渗漏液总氮（DTN）、总磷（DTP）、COD、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、WTN、水溶性磷（WTP）、磷酸盐的流失量分别为71.96、2.49、108.67、7.25、23.66、34.18、1.85、0.44 kg·hm^-2，与CF相比，生物炭配合不同减量化肥处理（BF、BF15、BF30和BF45）下的DTN、DTP、COD、H₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、WTN、WTP、磷酸盐的流失量分别降低了 39.84%~56.59%、48.21%~71.63%、35.38%~64.68%、14.70%~59.08%、48.18%~68.46%、23.64%~42.11%、45.45%~69.93%、31.80%~52.93%，随着化肥减量的比例增大效果越好。随机森林分析表明，土壤 EC、CEC、AN、SOC、DOC、MBC 和 NO₃^--N 是造成DTN、DTP、COD流失变化的主要因素。综合考虑不同施肥模式的氮磷流失量和辣椒产量品质等因素，化肥减量45%配施生物炭是目前可供选择的环境友好型施肥模式，也是异龙湖流域适合的蔬菜种植模式。

英文摘要:

To investigate the effect of integrating biochar application with reduced chemical fertilizer usage on nitrogen and phosphorus seepage and loss in vegetable fields within the Yilong Lake basin, and provide a theoretical foundation and scientific guidance for source control of nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution, as well as for reducing fertilizer application while improving agricultural efficiency, a field runoff plot experiment was conducted using chili peppers as the test crop. Treatments included the application of chemical fertilizer alone（CF）, and combinations of biochar（7 500 kg·hm^-2）with reduced chemical fertilizer application at four levels：0% reduction（BF）, 15% reduction（BF15）, 30% reduction（BF30）, and 45% reduction（BF45）. Comparative analyses were performed to evaluate the impacts of biochar application and reduced fertilization on pepper yield and quality, soil physicochemical properties, and characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss. Results indicated that compared to CF, the combined application of biochar and moderate fertilizer reduction could enhance pepper yield. Specifically, the BF45 treatment maintained normal pepper quality without causing yield reduction. Compared to CF, biochar application significantly increased soil available nutrient content and cation exchange capacity（CEC）, while decreasing soil electrical conductivity（EC）. Biochar and reduced fertilization increased the contents of water-soluble total nitrogen（WTN）, total phosphorus（TP）, ammonium nitrogen（NH₄⁺-N）, and nitrate nitrogen（NO₃^--N）in the 0-20 cm soil layer, but decreased these contents in the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers, with no significant effect observed on NO₃^--N. Under the CF treatment, the total losses of DTN, DTP, COD, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, WTN, WTP, and phosphate were 71.96, 2.49, 108.67, 7.25, 23.66, 34.18, 1.85, and 0.44 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Compared to CF, the treatments combining biochar with reduced chemical fertilizer（BF, BF15, BF30, BF45）reduced the losses of DTN by 39.84%-56.59%, DTP by 48.21%-71.63%, COD by 35.38%-64.68%, NH₄⁺-N by 14.70%-59.08%, NO₃^--N by 48.18%-68.46%, WTN by 23.64%-42.11%, WTP by 45.45%-69.93%, and phosphate by 31.80%-52.93%. The reduction effect improved with increasing fertilizer reduction rate. Random forest analysis revealed that soil EC, CEC, available nitrogen（AN）, soil organic carbon（SOC）, dissolved organic carbon（DOC）, microbial biomass carbon（MBC）, and NO₃^--N were the primary factors influencing the variations in DTN, DTP, and COD losses. Considering the nitrogen and phosphorus loss levels, as well as pepper yield and quality under different fertilization regimes, a 45% reduction in chemical fertilizer combined with biochar application is currently an environmentally sustainable fertilization strategy and a suitable vegetable cultivation model for the Yilong Lake basin.

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