施用生物炭并优化氮肥用量对农田肥料氮去向的影响

赵立宁; 杨卫君; 孟祥睿; 王梓; 张力月; 马磊; 杨梅

文章摘要

施用生物炭并优化氮肥用量对农田肥料氮去向的影响

Effects of biochar application and nitrogen application rate optimization on the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in farmland

Received:July 19, 2024

DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2024.0539

中文关键词: 生物炭，¹⁵N示踪技术，氮肥，春小麦

英文关键词: biochar, ¹⁵N tracer technique, nitrogen fertilizer, spring wheat

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（32260326）；新疆现代农业（小麦）产业技术体系项目（XJARS-01）；自治区天山英才-青年拔尖人才项目（2023TSYCCX0085）；2024年度研究生创新项目（XJAUGRI12024027）

Author Name	Affiliation	E-mail
ZHAO Lining	School of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
YANG Weijun	School of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China	1984_ywj@163.com
MENG Xiangrui	School of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
WANG Zi	School of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
ZHANG Liyue	School of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
MA Lei	School of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
YANG Mei	School of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China

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中文摘要:

本研究通过¹⁵N示踪技术，明确科学定量生物炭施用后对农田肥料氮的吸收利用、肥料氮去向及其在0~30 cm土层中的残留分布，旨在为生物炭在北疆灌区农田应用提供理论依据。试验于2023年4—8月在新疆奇台县麦类作物试验站进行。采用大田微区¹⁵N标记法，基于前期定位试验结果，设置2个氮肥水平（N1：300 kg·hm^-2，N₂：255 kg·hm^-2）、3个生物炭水平（B0：0 t·hm^-2，B1：10 t·hm^-2，B2：20 t·hm^-2），测定春小麦成熟期地上部各器官和土壤0~30 cm的¹⁵N标记肥料氮的自然丰度、全氮含量，并在相应的小区内测定产量。结果表明，减氮配施生物炭能够提高春小麦各器官对¹⁵N标记肥料氮的吸收比例，减少对土壤氮的吸收比例，促进春小麦对肥料氮吸收利用率，提高土壤中氮肥残留率，增强¹⁵N标记肥料氮总利用率，减少氮肥损失率。其中，B2N2处理下植株氮肥利用率为29.61%，较其他处理提高19.78%~94.67%，¹⁵N土壤残留率为28.93%，较其他处理提高14.72%~24.04%，¹⁵N总吸收利用率为58.50%，较其他处理提高17.20%~51.91%，¹⁵N损失率为41.46%，较其他处理降低20.72%~48.25%。在B2N2处理下春小麦穗粒数41.9个，产量达7 075.54 kg·hm^-2，较其他处理分别增长9.69%~28.25%和6.56%~25.35%。生物炭施用可促进春小麦各器官对肥料氮的吸收量和吸收比例，增加土壤中0~30 cm ¹⁵N标记肥料氮素残留量。在本研究条件下，氮肥减量15%（255 kg·hm^-2）与20 t·hm^-2生物炭配施可初步达到春小麦增产、氮肥减施，以及肥料氮利用率提升的目的。

英文摘要:

Using the ¹⁵N tracer technique, this study aims to quantify the absorption and utilization of fertilizer nitrogen, the fate of nitrogen, and its residual distribution in the 0-30 cm soil layer after applying biochar in a scientifically measured manner, providing a theoretical basis for the application of biochar in farmlands of northern Xinjiang irrigation areas. The experiment was conducted from April to August 2023 at the cereal crop experimental station in Qitai County, Xinjiang. A ¹⁵N-labeled micro-field method was used, based on previous field positioning experiments. Two nitrogen fertilizer levels were set：N1 at 300 kg·hm^-2 and N2 at 255 kg·hm^-2. Three biochar levels were also established：B0 at 0 t·hm^-2, B1 at 10 t·hm^-2, and B2 at 20 t·hm^-2. The natural abundance of ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer nitrogen, total nitrogen content in the above-ground organs of spring wheat at maturity, and soil in the 0-30 cm layer was measured. The results demonstrated that reduced nitrogen application combined with biochar amendment significantly enhanced the uptake proportion of ¹⁵N labeled fertilizer nitrogen by various organs of spring wheat, while concurrently decreased the proportion of nitrogen derived from the soil. This practice promoted the recovery efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen by spring wheat, increased the residual rate of fertilizer nitrogen in the soil, enhanced the total recovery efficiency of ¹⁵N labeled fertilizer nitrogen, and reduced the loss rate of fertilizer nitrogen. Under the B2N2 treatment, the plant nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency reached 29.61%, representing an increase of 19.78% to 94.67% compared with the other treatments. The ¹⁵N soil residual rate was 28.93%, which was 14.72% to 24.04% higher than that observed under the other treatments. The total ¹⁵N recovery efficiency was 58.50%, showing an increase of 17.20% to 51.91% compared with the other treatments. Conversely, the ¹⁵N loss rate was 41.46%, significantly reduced by 20.72% to 48.25% compared with the other treatments. Furthermore, the B2N2 treatment resulted in a spike grain number of 41.9 grains per spike and grain yield of 7 075.54 kg·hm^-2, showing increases of 9.69% to 28.25% and 6.56% to 25.35%, respectively, compared with other treatments. Biochar application can promote the absorption and utilization of fertilizer nitrogen by spring wheat organs and increase the residual amount of labeled fertilizer nitrogen in the 0-30 cm soil layer. Under the conditions of this study, a 15% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer （255 kg·hm^-2）combined with 20 t·hm^-2 of biochar can preliminarily achieve the goals of increasing spring wheat yield, reducing nitrogen fertilizer usage, and improving fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency.

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