| .农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——源头减量技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):. |
| 农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——源头减量技术 |
| Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore Technology for Controlling the Agricultural Non-point Pollution in Countryside in China——Source Reduction Technology |
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| DOI：10.11654/jaes.2013.05.001 |
| 中文关键词: 面源污染 源头减量 优化施肥 节水灌溉 新型缓控释肥 轮作制度改变 |
| 英文关键词: non-point pollution source reduction optimized fertilization control-released fertilization crop systems alteration Water-saving irrigation |
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| 摘要点击次数: 3151 |
| 全文下载次数: 2822 |
| 中文摘要: |
| 农村面源污染因其污染源的高度分散性及污染排放的时空不确定性等特征，使得从源头上控制污染物的产生变得尤为重要。本文在自己已有工作的基础上，系统总结梳理了国内外的源头减量技术，并按照技术原理进行了分类阐述。研究表明，源头减量可以通过减少肥料用量或者减少排水量两种途径实现。减少肥料用量，可采用基于目标产量和肥料效应函数的氮肥优化技术、按需施肥技术、平衡施肥技术、有机无机配合技术或者使用新型缓控释肥等技术，也可通过改变轮作制度等来实现。从源头上减少排水量，则需要对水分进行优化管理，旱地采用水肥一体化技术，水田采用节水灌溉技术，坡耕地采用保护性耕作等技术等。减量技术的应用要兼顾作物产量和经济效益，并结合区域环境特征，因地制宜。源头减量技术的研发要顺应时代要求，以节本省工为目标，逐步向智能化、机械化迈进。源头减量的同时，要配置生态拦截技术等，并对污染物中的氮磷养分进行回用，最终实现污染物减排的最大化。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Due to the high dispersion of pollution source, spatial and temporal uncertainty of pollution emissions, source reduction technology become very important for non-point pollution control. In this paper, based on the authors’ existing work, the source reduction technology was summarized and classified in accordance with the technical principles. Source reduction of non-point pollution can be achieved by reducing the fertilizer uses or the discharges. Fertilizer reduction could be achieved by using nitrogen optimizing based on the target yield and N-yield responsive curves, site-specific N management, balanced fertilization, organic combined inorganic fertilization, control-released fertilizer, or altering the crop systems with legumes. To reduce the discharges from agricultural fields, water regimes should be optimized, such as integrated water and fertilizer technology for dry lands, water-saving irrigation for paddy field, and conservation tillage for sloping lands. The adoption of source reduction technology for non-point pollution control should according to the regional environment characteristics and local conditions, and take into account the crop yield and economic benefits simultaneously. The future development of source reduction technology should focused on the labor-saving and cost-saving, and towards the intelligent and mechanization. In order to realize the maximum pollution reduction, ecological retain technology and nutrients reuse technology should be assembled together with the resource reduction technology. |
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