长期施肥对设施菜田土壤氮、磷时空变化及流失风险的影响

石宁; 李彦; 井永苹; 薄录吉; 张英鹏; 孙明; 仲子文

文章摘要

石宁,李彦,井永苹,薄录吉,张英鹏,孙明,仲子文.长期施肥对设施菜田土壤氮、磷时空变化及流失风险的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(11):2434-2442.

长期施肥对设施菜田土壤氮、磷时空变化及流失风险的影响

Effect of long-term fertilization on spatio-temporal changes and risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in intensive vegetable production system soil

投稿时间：2018-08-19 修订日期：2018-10-17

DOI：10.11654/jaes.2018-1065

中文关键词: 设施菜田土壤养分累积迁移

英文关键词: intensive vegetable production field soil nutrient accumulation migration

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFD0800400）；山东省重点研发计划项目（2017CXGC0223）；山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目（CXGC2016B09）；山东省重点研发计划项目（2016CYJS05A01-3）；“海外泰山学者”建设工程专项

作者	单位	E-mail
石宁	山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 济南 250100 农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室, 济南 250100
李彦	山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 济南 250100 农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室, 济南 250100 山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室, 济南 250100	nkyliyan@126.com
井永苹	山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 济南 250100 农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室, 济南 250100 山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室, 济南 250100
薄录吉	山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 济南 250100 农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室, 济南 250100 山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室, 济南 250100
张英鹏	山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 济南 250100 农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室, 济南 250100 山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室, 济南 250100
孙明	山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 济南 250100 农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室, 济南 250100 山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室, 济南 250100
仲子文	山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 济南 250100 农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室, 济南 250100 山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室, 济南 250100

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中文摘要:

研究山东省设施农业生产体系养分的投入情况，常年施肥的设施菜田土壤肥力变化以及土壤氮、磷累积和迁移在时间和空间上的变化规律，为未来设施菜田清洁生产，降低氮磷流失风险提供理论参考。通过对山东省不同区域设施黄瓜和番茄化肥和有机肥施用情况的调研，以及对种植5、10、15年和20年的设施菜田土壤进行0~100 cm分层取样，以周围粮田土壤作为参照，分别测定土壤理化性质等指标。结果表明：设施蔬菜化肥养分投入量显著降低，有机肥的养分投入量和化肥投入相当，总养分投入量仍然过高，黄瓜氮、磷、钾的总投入量分别为1033、765 kg·hm^-2和1068 kg·hm^-2，番茄为710、503 kg·hm^-2和755 kg·hm^-2；设施蔬菜果实养分输出占总养分投入比例提高，分别为25%（N）、10%（P₂O₅）和29%（K₂O）；长年施肥的设施菜田土壤中，硝态氮发生严重淋洗，速效磷含量随着种植年限的延长而增加，表层0~20 cm土壤中，速效磷含量达到了345 mg·kg^-1，常年轮作模式种植，加剧了土壤酸化以及速效养分的累积和迁移；40~60 cm是硝态氮向深层土壤迁移和累积的关键土层，主要发生在种植10~15年间；速效磷的累积在前期5~10年，主要发生在浅层土壤0~40 cm，并随着种植年限的延长逐渐向深层发生迁移，在10~15年间主要表现在深层土壤40~100 cm。设施菜田养分投入量降低，但投入总量仍然过高；长期化肥-有机肥配合施用会促进土壤速效养分的累积和迁移，对环境造成潜在威胁；硝态氮和速效磷在设施菜田中由浅层向深层土壤迁移和累积存在时空差异，10年左右的种植年限是设施菜田0~100 cm土层中养分累积和迁移速率转变的关键时期。

英文摘要:

The objectives of this study were to investigate the input of nutrients in Shandong's intensive agricultural production system, the change in soil fertility in long-term-fertilized vegetable fields, and the status of soil nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and migration in different soil layers. The results will provide a theoretical basis to reduce leaching risk and promote sustainable vegetable production in future. We investigated the situation of chemical and organic fertilizer application in intensive cucumber and tomato producing regions of Shandong Province. Soil samples were collected from different layers at the depth of 0~100 cm from vegetable fields intensively cultivated for 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. The surrounding grain field soil was used as the control. The physical and chemical properties of soil were measured. The input of nutrients in intensive vegetable production system was significantly reduced, and the amount of nutrients in organic fertilizer was equal to that in chemical fertilizer. The total amount of nutrient input was too high:1033 kg·hm^-2 (N), 765 kg·hm^-2 (P₂O₅), and 1068 kg·hm^-2 (K₂O)for cucumber; and 710 kg·hm^-2 (N), 503 kg·hm^-2 (P₂O₅), and 755 kg·hm^-2 (K₂O)for tomato. The proportion of nutrient output was increased:25% (N), 10% (P₂O₅), and 29% (K₂O). Nitrate in the soil profile leached considerably and soil phosphorus accumulated with the extension of cultivation years in long-term-fertilized intensive vegetable fields. In the 0~20 cm soil layer, the content of phosphorus reached 345 mg·kg^-1. Long-term single rotation planting model promoted soil acidification, and nutrient accumulation and migration. The 40~60 cm soil layer was the key layer for nitrate migration to deep soil layers, and it mainly occurred during the cultivation period of 10~15 years. Phosphorus accumulation mainly occurred in the 0~40 cm soil layer at the beginning of 5~10 years, which then gradually migrated to deeper soil layers with cultivation time, leading to its accumulation in the 40~100 cm soil layers during the years 10~15. The total amount of nutrient input is still higher than the vegetable demand. The application of chemical-organic fertilizer would promote nutrient accumulation and migration in soil, with potential environment threat. There was spatio-temporal difference in the concentration of accumulated nitrate and phosphorus from surface soil to deep soil layers in the vegetable field. Ten-year cultivation was the critical period for the change in nutrient accumulation and migration in the 0~100 cm soil layers of the vegetable field.

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