| 李传哲,杨苏,姚文静,汪吉东,张永春,杨凤娟,艾玉春.有机物料输入对土壤及玉米籽粒重金属来源解析及风险评估[J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(6):1230-1239. |
| 有机物料输入对土壤及玉米籽粒重金属来源解析及风险评估 |
| Source analysis and pollution risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and maize grain through the application of organic materials |
| 投稿时间：2019-12-17 |
| DOI：10.11654/jaes.2019-1385 |
| 中文关键词: 重金属 有机物料 环境监测 污染评价 玉米 |
| 英文关键词: heavy metal organic material environmental monitoring pollution evaluation maize |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFD0800301）；江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目（CX（17）-1001）；江苏省重点研发计划项目（BF2019378）；江苏省自然科学基金（BK20190748） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 在黄泛冲积区添加不同有机物料可以提升土壤肥力，但是否对土壤环境及作物带来潜在的重金属污染风险尚未知。本研究开展了连续2 a的大田环境监测试验，在玉麦轮作条件下采用随机区组设计，分别为CK（对照，不施有机物料）、M1（有机肥用量6 t·hm-2）、M2（有机肥用量12 t·hm-2）、M3（有机肥用量18 t·hm-2）、S1（秸秆质菇渣用量6 t·hm-2）、S2（秸秆质菇渣用量12 t·hm-2）、S3（秸秆质菇渣用量18 t·hm-2）、B1（木质菇渣用量6 t·hm-2）、B2（木质菇渣用量12 t·hm-2）、B3（木质菇渣用量18 t·hm-2）。通过测定各处理0~20 cm土层土壤以及玉米籽粒重金属含量变化，运用Pearson相关分析和聚类分析探究土壤重金属来源和作物品质与不同有机物料的关系，应用潜在生态风险评价法以及污染负荷指数法对土壤进行污染评价。结果表明：以上不同有机物料投入的综合潜在生态风险危害程度均为中等风险，重金属Cd为主要生态危害贡献因子。等量不同有机物中，施用有机肥处理对玉米产量的影响最显著，但对土壤重金属含量的影响也最大；施用木质菇渣处理提升土壤有机质含量的效果最好，且对籽粒重金属含量影响效果最小。同种物料添加下，土壤及籽粒重金属的含量随着施用量的增加而增加，其中M2、M3、S3处理下玉米籽粒中重金属Pb含量超标（0.2~0.295 mg·kg-1），其超标率为35%。应用污染负荷指数法分析结果表明所有处理土壤单因子Cd污染等级属于重污染等级，但除Cd以外的其他重金属含量都远低于我国农用地土壤污染风险管控最低标准，因此土壤重金属含量整体而言仍属于安全等级。研究表明，目前所有处理的土壤重金属含量属于安全等级，但存在潜在的中等生态风险，部分处理玉米籽粒出现轻微Pb超标现象，从快速提高土壤肥力及最大限度减少土壤重金属和农产品污染风险角度，应减少商品有机肥及秸秆质菇渣的高量施入，提倡施用木质菇渣更有利于土壤环境和农产品健康的可持续发展。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| The addition of different organic materials to the alluvial flood district of the Huanghe river can improve the soil fertility of the former. However, the risk of heavy metal pollution to soils and crops is not known. In this study, environmental monitoring tests were conducted in alluvial flood districts for 2 years, and 10 randomized blocks-CK(control, no organic material), M1(6 t·hm-2 of organic fertilizer), M2(12 t·hm-2 of organic fertilizer), M3(18 t·hm-2 of organic fertilizer), S1(6 t·hm-2 of straw mushroom residue), S2(12 t·hm-2 of straw mushroom residue), S3(18 t·hm-2 of straw mushroom residue), B1(6 t·hm-2 of wood mushroom residue), B2(12 t·hm-2 of wood mushroom residue), and B3(18 t·hm-2 of wood mushroom residue)-were marked in a maize-wheat rotation system. The study analyzed the relationship between the source of heavy metals in the soil and crop quality. Different organic materials were used for this, and the heavy metal content in the topsoil(0~20 cm)and maize graim were determined using Pearson relative analysis and clustering analysis. The study also evaluated soil pollution by heavy metals using a potential ecological risk assessment and the pollution load index method. The results indicated that there reached a medium level of potential ecological risk from the organic materials analyzed and that Cd was the main contributor to this. The effects of organic fertilizer application on corn yield and heavy metal content in the soil were the most significant when different organic materials were added in equal quantities. This led to the most significant improvement in soil organic content and to the lowest effect on the heavy content of maize graim from the application of woody mushroom residue. The use of a single material increased the heavy metal content in the soil and maize graim as the fertilizer application rates increased. The Pb content in maize graim exceeded industry standards by 35% in the M2, M3, and S3 treatments. The pollution load index analysis indicated that, in all treatments, the Cd single-factor pollution index reached a high level; however, the content of other heavy metals except Cd was far lower than the minimum standard for soil pollution risk management and control for agricultural land in China. Therefore, overall heavy metal pollution could be considered within a safe level. Although there was a medium level of potential ecological risk, the heavy metal content in all treatments were within a safe level. To improve soil fertility rapidly and reduce the heavy metal pollution risk, the application of commercial organic fertilizer and straw mushroom residue should be minimized. The application of wood mushroom residue is more conducive for the sustainable development of soil environments and agricultural products. |
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