灌溉与生物质炭对土壤硝化反硝化功能微生物的影响

刘杰云; 邱虎森; 张文正; 胡壮壮; 吕谋超; 王钰

文章摘要

刘杰云,邱虎森,张文正,胡壮壮,吕谋超,王钰.灌溉与生物质炭对土壤硝化反硝化功能微生物的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2023,42(10):2254-2263.

灌溉与生物质炭对土壤硝化反硝化功能微生物的影响

Effects of irrigation types and biochar amendment on soil nitrifying and denitrifying functional microorganisms

投稿时间：2023-02-08

DOI：10.11654/jaes.2023-0090

中文关键词: 灌溉方式生物质炭硝化作用反硝化作用微生物

英文关键词: irrigation method biochar nitrification denitrification microorganisms

基金项目:安徽省教育厅高校科学研究项目（2022AH051383，2022AH030137，SK2021A0698）；安徽省质量工程重点项目（2021jyxm1499）；农业农村部节水灌溉工程重点实验室项目（IFI2023KF01）；宿州学院校级教学研究重点项目（szxy2022ksjy08）

作者	单位	E-mail
刘杰云	中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所农业农村部节水灌溉工程重点实验室, 河南新乡 453002 宿州学院环境与测绘工程学院, 安徽宿州 234100
邱虎森	宿州学院环境与测绘工程学院, 安徽宿州 234100
张文正	中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所农业农村部节水灌溉工程重点实验室, 河南新乡 453002	zhangntggs@163.com
胡壮壮	宿州市农业科学院, 安徽宿州 234100
吕谋超	中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所农业农村部节水灌溉工程重点实验室, 河南新乡 453002
王钰	宿州学院环境与测绘工程学院, 安徽宿州 234100

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中文摘要:

为研究不同灌溉方式下生物质炭添加对土壤硝化及反硝化微生物的调控效应，本研究采用田间小区试验，通过在不同灌溉方式下（常规地表漫灌、滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌）添加不同量生物质炭（0、10、20 t·hm^-2），结合实时荧光定量PCR技术，研究了灌溉方式与生物质炭对华北地区冬小麦拔节期土壤硝化及反硝化微生物相关功能基因的影响。结果表明：与漫灌相比，滴灌、喷灌、微喷灌显著降低了土壤NH₄⁺-N含量，降幅分别为49.30%~68.25%、30.22%~57.19%和43.63%~56.83%（P<0.05），但在一定程度上增加了土壤NO₃^--N含量，增幅分别为5.14%~62.39%、0~173.50%和0~87.90%。由于滴灌、喷灌、微喷灌等节水灌溉方式的灌水量远低于常规漫灌方式（约为漫灌灌水量的50%），因而会产生有利于硝化反应而抑制反硝化反应的环境，增加土壤硝化微生物功能基因AOA-amoA和AOB-amoA的基因丰度，且均表现为微喷灌>喷灌>滴灌>漫灌。同时，在各灌溉方式下，添加生物质炭可增加AOA-amoA和AOB-amoA的基因丰度，这可能主要归因于生物质炭发达的孔隙结构和良好的水肥吸附能力。与漫灌相比，滴灌、喷灌、微喷灌均降低了土壤反硝化微生物nosZ基因丰度。但在各灌溉方式下，添加生物质炭，尤其是高量生物质炭（20 t·hm^-2）可提高反硝化微生物nosZ基因丰度，从而降低土壤反硝化过程的N₂O损失风险。综上所述，节水灌溉方式与生物质炭互作可促进拔节期土壤硝化作用，并通过影响反硝化微生物活动调节土壤反硝化过程，微喷灌方式下添加20 t·hm^-2生物质炭可有效促进小麦对氮素的吸收利用。

英文摘要:

Presently, it is unclear how biochar regulates the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification under different irrigation types. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted under four irrigation types(normal flooding, drip, sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigations, represented)with three biochar treatments:no biochar treatment(CK), 10 t·hm^-2 biochar(LB), and 20 t·hm^-2 biochar(HB). Real time PCR technology was adopted to analyze the abundances of nitrification and denitrification functional genes in the joint phase of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Compared to flooding irrigation, the drip, sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigation methods significantly reduced soil NH₄⁺-N contents by 49.30%-68.25%, 30.22%-57.19% and 43.63%-56.83%(P<0.05), but increased soil NO₃^--N contents by 5.14%-62.39%, 0-173.50% and 0-87.90%, respectively. Owing to the low amount of irrigation water compared to flooding irrigation, the drip, sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigation methods can create an environment fit for nitrification but unfit for denitrification. This, therefore increased the abundance of AOA-amoA and AOB-amoA genes, in the following order:micro-sprinkler irrigation>sprinkler irrigation>drip irrigation>flooding irrigation. Meanwhile, in all irrigation types, biochar amendment increased the abundance of AOA-amoA and AOB-amoA genes because of the pore structure and adsorption of biochar. Compared with flooding irrigation, the drip, sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigation methods decreased the abundances of nosZ genes in the soil. Whereas, in all irrigation types, biochar amendment(particularly the HB treatment) increased the abundance of nosZ genes, and thus may reduce the risk of N₂O loss via soil denitrification. Overall, the interaction of saving water irrigation types and biochar amendment can promote soil nitrification, and affect soil denitrification by regulating the activities of denitrifying microorganisms. Biochar addition with 20 t·hm^-2 can promote nitrogen adsorption by wheat under micro-sprinkler irrigation.

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